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|combatant2 = Nationalists : Falange : Carlists (1936–37) : CEDA (1936–37) : Alfonsists (1936–37) :Members of the Regionalist League 〔http://www.barcelonalowdown.com/francesc-cambo-catalan-nationalist-who-supported-franco/>〕 Supported by |commander1 = Republican leaders Manuel Azaña Julián Besteiro Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Indalecio Prieto Vicente Rojo Lluch José Miaja Juan Modesto Juan Hernández Saravia Carlos Romero Giménez Buenaventura Durruti Lluís Companys José Antonio Aguirre Alfonso Castelao |commander2 = Nationalist leaders José Sanjurjo Emilio Mola Francisco Franco Juan Yagüe Miguel Cabanellas Manuel Goded Llopis Manuel Hedilla Manuel Fal Condé Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Mohamed Meziane |strength1 = 450,000 infantry 350 aircraft 200 batteries (1938)〔Thomas. p. 628.〕 |strength2 = 600,000 infantry 600 aircraft 290 batteries (1938)〔Thomas. p. 619.〕 |casualties1 = |casualties2 = |casualties3= estimated 500,000 killed〔〔The number of casualties is disputed; estimates generally suggest that between 500,000 and 1 million people were killed. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concludes that 500,000 deaths is the correct figure. Thomas Barria-Norton, ''The Spanish Civil War'' (2001), pp. xviii & 899–901, inclusive.〕 450,000 fled〔Beevor (2006). pp. 410–11. Beevor notes that around 150,000 had returned by 1939.〕 }} The Spanish Civil War ((スペイン語:Guerra Civil Española)),〔Also known as The Crusade ((スペイン語:La Cruzada)) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ((スペイン語:Cuarta Guerra Carlista)) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ((スペイン語:La Rebelión)) or Uprising ((スペイン語:Sublevación)) among Republicans.〕 widely known in Spain simply as the Civil War ((スペイン語:Guerra Civil)) or The War ((スペイン語:La Guerra)), was a civil war fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic, left-leaning Second Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a falangist group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists won, and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from April 1939 until his death in November 1975. The war began after a ''pronunciamiento'' (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, originally under the leadership of José Sanjurjo, against the elected, leftist government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The Nationalist coup was supported by a number of conservative groups, including the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (''Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas'', or CEDA), monarchists such as the religious conservative (Catholic) Carlists, and the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista.〔Known in Spanish as the ''Falange Española de las JONS''.〕〔Payne (1973). pp. 200–203.〕 Sanjurjo was killed in an aircraft accident while attempting to return from exile in Portugal, whereupon Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalists. The coup was supported by military units in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Valladolid, Cádiz, Córdoba, and Seville. However, rebelling units in important cities—such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga—were unable to capture their objectives, and those cities remained under the control of the government. Spain was thus left militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country. The Nationalist forces received munitions and soldiers from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while the communist Soviet Union and socialist Mexico offered support to the "Loyalist" or "Republican" side. Other countries, such as Britain and France, operated an official policy of non-intervention, but France did send in some munitions. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. Capturing large parts of Catalonia in 1938 and 1939, the war ended with the victory of the Nationalists and the exile of thousands of leftist Spaniards, many of whom fled to refugee camps in southern France. Those associated with the losing Republicans were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. With the establishment of a dictatorship led by General Francisco Franco in the aftermath of the war, all right-wing parties fused into the structure of the Franco regime.〔 The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired and for the many atrocities. Organized purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces to consolidate the future regime.〔Beevor (2006). p. 88.〕 A smaller but significant number of killings took place in areas controlled by the Republicans.〔Beevor (2006). pp. 86–87.〕 The extent to which Republican authorities connived in Republican territory killings varied.〔Beevor (2006). pp. 260–271.〕〔Julius Ruiz. El Terror Rojo (2011). pp. 200–211.〕 ==Background== (詳細はSpanish Constitution of 1812, sought to limit the power of the monarchy of Spain and to establish a liberal state. The reforms of 1812 did not last after King Ferdinand VII dissolved the Constitution and ended the Trienio Liberal government with French royalist military assistance in the form of the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis. Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874. There were several attempts to realign the political system to match social reality. Until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on agriculture. There was little development of a bourgeois industrial or commercial class. The land-based oligarchy remained powerful; a small number of people held large estates called ''latifundia'' as well as all the important government positions. The landowners' power was challenged by the industrial and merchant sectors, largely unsuccessfully. In 1868 popular uprisings led to the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon. Two distinct factors led to the uprisings: a series of urban riots, and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military (led by General Joan Prim), who were concerned about the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. In 1873, Isabella's replacement, King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived First Spanish Republic was proclaimed.〔Thomas (1961). p. 13.〕〔Preston (2006). p. 21.〕 After the restoration of the Bourbons in December 1874,〔Preston (2006). p. 22.〕 Carlists and Anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy.〔Preston (2006). p. 24.〕〔Fraser (1979). pp. 38–39.〕 Alejandro Lerroux, Spanish politician and leader of the Radical Republican Party, helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularly acute.〔Preston (2006). pp. 24–26.〕 Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the Tragic Week in Barcelona in 1909.〔Thomas (1961). p. 15.〕 Spain was neutral in World War I. Afterwards the working class, the industrial class, and the military united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful.〔Preston (2006). pp. 32–33.〕 Fears of communism grew.〔Beevor (2006). p. 15.〕 A military coup brought Miguel Primo de Rivera to power in 1923, and he ran Spain as a military dictatorship.〔Thomas (1961). p. 16.〕 Support for his regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. He was replaced by General Dámaso Berenguer and then Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, who both continued to rule by decree. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities, and King Alfonso XIII gave in to popular pressure for the establishment of a republic and called municipal elections for 12 April 1931. The socialist and liberal republicans won almost all the provincial capitals and with the resignation of Aznar's government, King Alfonso XIII fled the country.〔Beevor (2006) p. 20-22.〕 The Second Spanish Republic was formed and would remain in power until the culmination of the Spanish Civil War.〔Beevor (2006). p. 20.〕 The revolutionary committee headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora became the provisional government, with Alcalá-Zamora as president and head of state.〔Beevor (2006) p. 23.〕 The republic had broad support from all segments of society.〔Preston (2006). pp. 38–39.〕 In May, an incident where a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout Madrid and south-west Spain; the government's slow response disillusioned the right and reinforced their view that the Republic was determined to persecute the church. In June and July the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo called several strikes, which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the Civil Guard and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the army against the CNT in Seville; this led many workers to believe the Second Spanish Republic was just as oppressive as the monarchy and the CNT announced their intention of overthrowing it via revolution.〔Beevor(2006) p.26〕 Elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists.〔Preston (2006). p. 50.〕 With the onset of the Great Depression, the government attempted to assist rural Spain by instituting an eight-hour day and giving land tenure to farm workers.〔Preston (2006). p. 42.〕〔Beevor (2006). p. 22.〕 Fascism remained a reactive threat, helped by controversial reforms to the military.〔Preston (2006). pp. 45–48.〕 In December, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. It included strong provisions enforcing a broad secularization of the Catholic country, which many moderate committed Catholics opposed.〔Preston (2006). p. 53.〕 In October 1931, Republican Manuel Azaña became prime minister of a minority government.〔Thomas (1961). p. 47.〕〔Preston (2006). p. 61.〕 In 1933, the right won the general elections, largely due to the anarchists' abstention from the vote, increased right wing resentment of the incumbent government caused by an illegal decree confiscating the land of the aristocracy, the Casas Viejas incident, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party dissatisfaction with the caution of Republicans and perceived brutality of Manuel Azaña and the formation of a right-wing alliance, Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (CEDA); women's newfound right to vote also contributed to this (most women voted for centre-right parties). Events in the period following November 1933, called the "black two years," seemed to make a civil war more likely.〔Preston (2006). pp. 66–67.〕 Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party (RRP) formed a government and rolled back changes made under the previous administration〔Preston (2006). pp. 67–68.〕 and also granted amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General José Sanjurjo in August 1932.〔Preston (2006). pp. 63–65.〕〔Thomas (1961). p. 62.〕 Some monarchists joined with the then fascist-nationalist Falange Española y de las JONS ("Falange") to help achieve their aims.〔Preston (2006). pp. 69–70.〕 Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities, and militancy continued to increase,〔Preston (2006). p. 70.〕 reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval, rather than peaceful democratic means as solutions.〔Preston 92006). p. 83.〕 In the last months of 1934, two government collapses brought members of the CEDA into the government.〔Thomas (1961). p. 78.〕〔Preston (2006). p. 81.〕 Farm workers' wages were cut in half, and the military was purged of Republican members.〔 A popular front alliance was organized,〔 which narrowly won the 1936 elections.〔Preston (2006). pp. 82–83.〕 Azaña led a weak minority government, but soon replaced Zamora as president in April.〔Payne (1973). p. 642.〕 Prime Minister Santiago Casares Quiroga ignored warnings of a military conspiracy involving several generals, who decided that the government had to be replaced to prevent the dissolution of Spain.〔Preston (2006). p. 93.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spanish Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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